Synthesis of Closantel Experiment

Synthesis of Closantel Experiment Abstract:- The paper describes the synthesis of Closeted. It is used as an anthelmintic i.e. an agent that destroys or causes the expulsion of parasitic intestinal worms so it is used as Anti-worm drug. The synthesis of Closantel was carried out using four different hydrotropes. The effect of various hydrotropes on yield, rate constant and activation energy at various temperatures and concentrations are studied. Keywords :- Hydrotropes, Xylene sulfonic acid (XSA), Cumene sulfonic acid (CSA), (n-BBSA): n-Butyl benzene sulfonic acid (n-BBSA), Isobutyl benzene sulfonic acid (I-BBSA), 1H NMR, IR. Introduction:- Almost a Century ago Carl Neuberg1 conceptualized one such area in the form of hydrotropy. After a dormancy period of about eight decades this exciting field sprung back into the chemical limelight and today it is regarded as one of the frontiers in the field of applied organic chemistry. The pioneer Carl Neuberg baptized this phenomenon as Hydrotropy or Hydrotropism.1,2 It is enhancement in the solubility of organic molecules in water, which otherwise are sparingly soluble or totally insoluble.3-6 Hydrotropes or hydrotropic agents are defined as the compounds which possess the property of solubility enhancement of other compounds. Hydrotropes are surface active, highly water soluble organic salts, which when present at high concentration, can solubilise the otherwise insoluble or sparingly soluble organic compounds in water. Hydrotropes can be differentiated from common surfactants in terms of their hydrofobicity i.e. hydrotopes are poorly hydrophobic as compared to surfactants. The performance of hydrotropic solutions is found to be efficient, usually at higher concentration ranging from 0.2M to 1.0M. At concentration above 1.0M ‘salting out effect’ is observed. In the present study, the researchers intend to study the aromatic hydrotropes, especially the aromatic sulphonates which are considered to be superior to the aliphatic counterparts as they are thermally stable and have higher affinity. Hydrotrops are readily biodegradable in water under areobic conditions studies with cummene , tolune and xylene7. This ecofriendly methodology where hydrotropes demonstrate a low level of toxicity on aquat ic life Xylene and cumene sulfonates ( ammonium , calcium and sodium salts) have no acute toxicity towards fish and invertebrates at concentrations tested (> 318 mg/L )7. The scientists around the globe are adopting environment friendly techniques to conserve flora (environment) fauna (animal life), also to manufacture synthesize molecules useful to mankind. Carcinogenicity studies reported for both rats and mice exposed to sodium xylene sulfonate Hydrotropes demonstrated no carcinogenic reponse.7 One of the great advantage of Hydrotropes is the reusability of solvent media without operations such as distillation etc. there by reducing operation cost, Hence it is an alternate media to organic solvents include water, ionic liquids, supercritical solvents ,hydrotropic solutions etc.8 Hydrotropic solution are non toxic shows no hazards of flammability hence consider as safer solvents. The compatibility of aqueous hydrotropic solutions as safer solvents for microwave assisted reactions has been studied.9 So there is now a realization that more benign chemical synthesis is required as an integral part of developing sustainable technologies 10. Efforts have been made to carry out studies on Hydrotropes as effective reaction media for the certain organic reactions. Reaction Scheme:- The reaction of 3, 5-diiodosalicyloyl chloride with 5–Chloro–4–[(4–chlorophenyl) cyanomethyl]–2–methyl aniline was conducted in aqueous hydrotropic solutions to yield the titled product which was tested for purity. Hydrotropes used are: (XSA): Xylene sulfonic acid (CSA): Cumene sulfonic acid (n-BBSA): n-Butyl benzene sulfonic acid (I-BBSA): Isobutyl benzene sulfonic acid Experimental Procedure: In a 500 mls 3-necked flask fitted with a stirrer, thermowell and an addition funnel, were added (0.01 moles) of 5–Chloro–4– [(chlorophenyl)–cyanomethyl]–2–methyl aniline, followed by the addition of (0.01 moles) of 3, 5–diiodosalicyloyl chloride at room temperature dissolved in aqueous solutions of the hydrotrope Xylene sulfonic acid. After the reaction mixture was stirred at 303K and 323K for 8 hours. . The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC for the completion of reaction. On cooling at room temperature the product precipitated out from the reaction medium and was washed with demineralised water in order to make it free from the traces of the hydrotropic solution adhering to it. The product was then purified and dried in a vacuum drier. The qualitative estimation of the product was done by TLC using the following system. Chloroform: Methanol (9:1).The product was found to be pure without the traces of either of the starting materials. This is because of the selective solubilization of the reactants which helps to maintain them in the hydrotropic medium. The product N [5–Chloro–4–[(4–chlorophenyl) cyan methyl ] –2–methyl phenyl]–2–hydroxyl–3, 5–diiodobenzamide has a melting point/boiling point of 217.8 °C. Similar reactions were carried out using other Hydrotropes such as Cumene Sulfonic Acid, n-Butyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid and Isobutyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid. The concentration range utilized for these hydrotropes was from 0.2 Mol/dm ³ to 1.0 Mol/dm ³. Higher concentration of hydrotropes was avoided due to the salting out of the hydrotropes from the water which is an inherent property of these salts. Experimental : Melting point are uncorrected. 1H NMR spectra were recorded at 300 MHz on a Varian spectrometer and IR spectra on a Shimadzu FT/IR-4200 instrument. Chromatographic System : Column chromatography : For column chromatography 100 – 200 mesh Acme grade silica gel was used. The crude reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to yield crude mass which was preadsorbed on silica gel and purified by column chromatography with increase in concentration of Ethyl acetate in Petroleum ether. The fractions having similar ‘Rf† values were pooled together, concentrated and subjected for characterization using various spectroscopic techniques. Thin layer chromatography : TLC plates were prepared using silica gel G (ACME, Mumbai). Pet. Ether : EtOAc (85 : 15) was used as the solvent system. Radial chromatography : The circular glass plates of thickness 1 mm, were prepared by using silica gel (PF254, E. MERCK, 50 g) in cold distilled water (105 ml). For elution, gradually increasing concentrations of EtOAc in pet ether were employed. Results: The effect of hydrotrope concentration and temperature on the yield of N [5 – Chloro – 4 – [(4 – chlorophenyl) cyanomethyl] – 2 – methyl phenyl] – 2 – hydroxy – 3, 5 – diiodo It involves the amidation of 3, 5–diiodo salicyloyl chloride. The lone pair of electrons on nitrogen of amine attacks the carbonyl radical there by liberating the chloride radical in the form of HCl giving the desired amide. This amidation reaction is effected with two iodide group in meta position to the reacting species. The phenomenon of hydrotropy was applied to this synthesis and its effect on yield and reaction dynamics was studied. The hydrotrope used are Xylene sulfonic acid (XSA), Cumene sulfonic acid (CSA), n-Butyl benzene sulfonic acid (n-BBSA), and Isobutyl benzene sulfonic acid (I-BBSA). The percentage yield obtained for all the four hydrotropes are tabulated in tables VIII (a) to VIII (d) respectively. It was observed that percentage yield increased from 12.4% to 50.5% at 303K and 17.2% to 56.5% at 323K for XSA. Similarly percentage yield increased from 14.4% to 54% at 303K and from 20.6% to 60.2% at 323K for hydrotrope CSA. For hydrotrope n-BBSA the percentage yield increased from 16% to 70.5% at 303K and from 22.4% to 76% at 323K.For the hydrotrope I-BBSA the percentage yield increased from 20% to 73.7% at 303K and from 26.6% to 80% at 323K. These were in accordance with the fact that the hydrophobicity of I-BBSA was more than that of XSA, CSA and n-BBSA and the reactants are soluble to a greater extent in I-BBSA.The kinetics of this reaction was studied and rate constant K1 and K2 for temperatures 303K and 323K were calculated for all four hydrotropic solutions. The value of K1 and K2 obtained are recorded in the tables VIII (e) to VIII (h). For the hydrotrope XSA the value of K1 and K2 increased from 0.0459 to 0.2442 at 303K and from 0.0655 to 0.2898 at 323K. Similarly for CSA the rate constant value increased from 0.0539 to 0.2696 at 303 and from 0.0801 to 0.3199 at 323K. For the hydrotrope n-BBSA the values of K1 and K2 increased from 0.0605 to 0.4239 at 303K and from 0.0880 to 0.4955 at 323K. For the hydrotrope I-BBSA the values of rate constants K1 and K2 are more than that of XSA, CSA and n-BBSA. It increased from 0.0774 to 0.4638 at 303K and from 0.1073 to 0.5588 at 323K. From above data it is observed that rate constant went on increasing as the concentration of hydrotropes increased. The activation energy for various concentrations of hydrotropes was tabulated in VIII (e) to VIII (h). The activation energy dropped from 1.4432 to 0.6966 for hydrotrope XSA and from 1.6119 to 0.6965 for hydrotrope CSA. Similarly the value of activation energies dropped for the n-BBSA from 1.5245 to 0.6357 and for I-BBSA it decreased from 1.3291 to 0.7589 as the concentration of hydrotrope increased. The decrease in activation energy as hydrotrope concentration increased suggest that these hydrotropes also provide some catalytic assistance in shifting the equilibrium towards the product. Conclusion:- It is evident from the above scheme that at lower hydrotrope concentration, the solubility of organic solutes is less thereby yielding less product. At lower concentration of hydrotrope, the quantity of water is substantially large thereby the reaction are not favorable also resulting in less yields. At higher concentration of hydrotrope, the quantity of water is less and the reaction solubility is more and hence the yields are much better. It is also seen in the above experiment that for lower hydrotrope concentrations the time required for the completion of all reaction is more than that of the time required for a higher hydrotrope concentration.

I can only dream for so long, before they become nightmares

It was not like her to hide herself away, today she seemed more tortured, frightened. She was a ghost to herself, unable to surround herself with the illusions that conjured her putrid smile. In the corner she forever laid, like a silhouette of dreams protected, yet captured by the ambience of life itself. The intelligence of her once intrigued mind fell short with the constant shivers of things that once were. Do I seem myself; do I seem happy to others? Does my prolonged absence from the world affect the way people see me? I can't always be so positive, life has taught me that much. But I've tried for so long to see the good; to see the light that's suppose to forever shine upon me, yet it's so far beyond my reach, however much I try, my jealous being stops me entirely, tying me down, chaining me to the withering of existence that is me. I can only dream for so long, before they become nightmares. Nightmares I can't escape! Within her mind was always the agitated concept of doubt, yet however she placed it, she could not seem to dictate what effect it would have on her. Unwilling to except the hand of others, she struggled with the journey of living and the tragedy of knowing. To be someone that people noticed, was a dream she could only imagine through the echoing walls that held her from the person she aimed to be, yet as the darkness of the walls and the lights of the windows framed her vicious circle, she could only question the memories. Her mother was a kind, genuine creature, who always showed her that there was more to life, then just co-existing. But she could never see the beauty which her mother would talk about. Her father had left at an early age, leaving only a hole of bitterness and resentment in her unprotected heart that would always question her ability to live. She never thought of him as someone that loved her, but as someone who could not handle the concept of having a child. To think is to feel, and that's not a journey worth taking. Can searching for an answer too graphic to understand be a conflict, and can you reach for something surreal and pray that it's not an abstract illusion? If finding out the meaning of what once was, forces out the beauty from which it came, can I be judge of what I feel is right? So my father left me when I was young, and my mother blames herself for his disappearance, yet I feel compelled to still find him and ask those questions that haunted me for the last few years. So I play a game in my mind, a game that allows me to dictate the outcome, and that provides me with the acceptance of his cowardly soul. If I look through him, can I see what ambition he had? Can I tell his story through my eyes? Yet I've grown out of caring about his particular emotions, or the way his smile is. Time was never on her side, but it was a factor that she become used to. A timeless presence of doubt was always abundant, it clawed and ripped apart the person she once knew, choking and crushing the things that seemed awake in her. Her father was her source of doubt. Like a demon, holding her to him, getting tighter as she grew older, but She would always think about him and the day he left, but never for too long, there was a voice inside of her that protected her from the bellowing and shame of his once gentle voice that always seemed to settle her as she slept. The controllable aspects of her mind always vanished when she left her corner. She was obligated to stay there never to move, never to feel the way others did. Her mother thought she was doomed to a life on her own, a life that could only bring pain and destruction. Nothing was foreseeable in her darkened future, the lines were scratch out, living a complex life so full of confusion and sorrow. As the night settled in and the luminous light was but a figment of what once was, she dwelled in the opportunity of delusions and fiction. And as she swayed from side to side, holding her legs ever so tightly, the images of her youth seemed to pour out of her like a twisted play acted out by the misapprehension of others. To seem as normal as possible was always her goal, finding the fault in the memory of others and not herself, but that was a game too complicated for her to play out. The night was colder than usual more putrid, more harmful, its shivering wind was almost alive, playing with the restless and fearful. She could not move, she could not breathe, her reactions were slow, almost as if something was holding her down, and taking away the very essence that is her. I can't move, I can't feel, is it my time. The air is so cold, I can't seem to warm myself up. If I move I know I'll become insane, the melody of deformed creatures, is move vivid than usual. I am a ghost to myself, a plague which I've grown accustomed to. Can I play out the things that seem to be awake? an I change the meaning of words that I don't know and rehearse them till they become the knowledge that changes my situation? My mother has tried for so long to recreate the image I have made for myself. The image that I am now has scared her. She never looks at me the same anymore, her looks are more disgusted, more tortured and they seem to be on fire. I can feel her slipping away from me. The night is the only time I don't feel safe, I don't feel like me, it's cruel and mindless, possessing a nature of a different kind. If I run, how far will I reach before it swallows me, taking away all that I am, in the night I am a monster, a nightmare that would bring tears to all that saw me. In her mind she was the very reason of all the suffering and pain to others around her, she could only escape the nightmare if the sun was up, for its rays of purity and truth were the only reason she had not become the thing that seemed to corrupt her. She was the meaning which you could not find, the lonely hero that was only visible through the sun. It seemed that nothing would be able to release her from herself. A soul forever doomed.

Recommendations On Improving My Own Interpersonal and...

Recommendations On Improving My Own Interpersonal and Communicational Skills Interpersonal skills are those skills that are used as a basis in part of everyday life where people interact with each other. To be precise, interpersonal skills are related to communicational skills but are more specific about an individuals behaviour and include co-operating, sharing, listening, participating, leadership and negotiation. Individuals with good interpersonal skills are easy to be around. They bond with other people naturally, seem to know the right things to say in different situations and make communication in general an easy procedure. Communication skills on the other hand, are the skills in†¦show more content†¦I am prompt with regard to meeting interim feedback deadlines with college lecturers which builds a solid trustworthy relationship - lecturers will help me more Weaknesses Ø My influencing skills are quite poor so it makes it difficult for me to persuade people Ø In many cases where I am required to make written communication such as on courseworks, I tend to use long sentences whereas the task could be summed up in a couple of sentences Ø Sometimes whenever I am ordered to complete a task, I do not seek clarification Opportunities Ø I should try and apply more negotiation skills when I do not get what I want as it helps reach a mutual understanding/compromise thus helping me attain what I want Ø I feel that I could also best capitalise from empowering more of my colleagues at work because if I use more staff to carry out tasks, it will enable the task to be carried out quicker and more efficiently - improvesShow MoreRelatedInternship Report on Ztbl20418 Words   |  82 Pagesemployees† receiving academic credit for work experiences. The purpose of the internship program is to develop and strengthen the student’s educational and career preparation. By doing internship in any organization that obviously exposes the interpersonal relationships not only with employees but also with supervisor that are essential in obtaining a successful and satisfying career. This background of the study is mainly focus on the performance, functions and objectives of the Finance and Accounts

Best Childrens Picture Books About Starting School

Doping is not Dope in Athletics - 664 Words

Doping is Not Dope Should athletes be able to use performing enhancement drugs. Many athletes are trying to get a competitive edge on their competition and some start by taking performing enhancement drugs, even though taking them could be devastating and detriment to them personally. Using performance enhancing drugs comes with many risks physically and emotionally. Performance enhancing drugs is as known as â€Å"doping†. There are many kinds of steroids such as anabolic steroids, human growth hormones, androstenedione, designer steroids and stimulants to name a few (mayoclinic.com, 2012). Even though athletes see performance enhancing drugs as a positive and a career advancement advantage, all of them are very harmful to your body and has many side effects. Some of the advantages that the athletes see in these performance enhancement drugs are promotion of muscle building. It also helps them to recover after they have had a hard workout, which when a normal person works out, they are a lot of times sore from the physical activity; however these drugs make them less sore. In addition, these drugs temporarily boost Chism 2 performance in the athletes. It does give them an advantage over other athletes when it comes to performance of their sport. But it is an unfair advantage. While taking performance enhancing drugs, comes many side effects. For both men and women there are detrimental side effects such as circulatory problems,Show MoreRelatedShould Sports Doping Be Doping?1578 Words   |  7 Pages Doping in sports. At present, the problem of the use of doping by athletes is acute for professional sports. The solution of this task immediately entails chain of related questions: how to improve the system of doping control, what drugs to prohibit to use, what measures to show to athletes who violated the rules.But what do we know about doping, in addition, what do the media and the people profit from it? Looking at the situation of modern sports on theRead MoreDoping, Athletes and Sports Essay892 Words   |  4 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚   Doping can be strictly defined as the consumption of any substance (whether food or drug) to improve ones performance. This definition can be applied in a variety of situations, from college students drinking coffee in order to stay awake to athletes who take steroids to make them stronger. The problem with doping is where one draws the line. The drugs used in doping often have detrimental effects to ones health, both mental and physical. 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According to the Los Angeles Times (August 20, 2006) â€Å"More than 2,000 years before Mike Tyson bit off a piece of Evander Holyfields ear and was disqualified in the boxing ring, Eupolus of Thessaly, a boxer in the Olympics of 388 BCRead MoreThe World Ant i Doping Agency1446 Words   |  6 Pagestelling us everything we didn’t want to know. Doping is always a highlighted issue and we in America are familiar with it in our high profile sports culture such as NFL, NBA, and MLB but it is not just in our homeland culture. It has been internationally affecting the Olympics since its inception in 776-393BC and modern day resurrection in Athens, Greece in 1896. The Olympic Committee established a doping committee for regulation, the WADA, the world anti-doping agency, with the increase of enhancementRead MoreThe Use of Illegal Drugs in Sports Essay examples1565 Words   |  7 Pagesbothered by and just too much to remember. 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But using performance drugs — aka, doping — isnt without risks. â€Å"Take the time to learn about the potential benefits, the health risks and the many unknowns regarding so-called performance drugs such as anabolic steroids, androstened ione, human growth hormone, erythropoietin, diuretics,Read MoreShould Blood Doping Be Illegal or Legal in Sports?1499 Words   |  6 Pagesthe easy way out, engaging with steroids, enhancements, and blood doping to get ahead of the competition. Many professional athletes have taken to the practice of blood doping in order to gain a competitive edge in their field. But there are those who are crying that doing so can have serious consequences not only to the sports world, but to one’s body as well. Sometimes they look for harmful procedures that increase their athletic ability but can potentially do more harm than good. In this argumentRead MoreIs Genetic Engineering For Athletes?2443 Words   |  10 Pagesperformance. Some athletes take steroids to increase their athletic ability in order to have an advantage over their opponents. Athletes have always looked for the one thing that will get them to be bigger, stronger, and better enough to beat out all the other teams. As te chnology expands, new ways of making the better athlete have been discovered. Currently, you can do a process called gene doping to gain new genes to increase your athletic potential. This new technique has created ethical problemsRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs And Supplements Plague The Athletic Playing Field Worldwide2011 Words   |  9 PagesHistorical National Football League coach and manager Vince Lombardi once said, â€Å"Winning isn t everything--but wanting to win is†. The want to win, is real; it is embodied by the usage of performance enhancing drugs. Blood doping increases the count of red blood cells in the body, anabolic steroids accelerate the growth of muscle and strengthen the bones, and stimulants increase alertness, competitiveness, aggressiveness and reduce fatigue. All of these materials have clear benefits but the health

Arguing the Existence of God from Religious Experience Free Essays

Analyse the argument for the existence of God from religious experience â€Å"A religious experience offers a sense of the ultimate and an awareness of wholeness, a consciousness of the infinite and an absolute dependence. † Edward Schleiermacher. Religious experience has been a contentious subject for philosophers of religion in trying to actually define what a religious experience is, along with psychologists and religious believers. We will write a custom essay sample on Arguing the Existence of God from Religious Experience or any similar topic only for you Order Now Otto, James, Hardy and Schleiermacher are among many people who have tried to define a religious experience and there basic understanding is it is an encounter with the divine.It is non-empirical, a personal occurrence that brings with it an awareness of something beyond ourselves. Those who have had such an experience count it as the ultimate proof of the existence of God. It is difficult to find a common theme with religious experiences due to the variety but you can divide them into two basic groups; a direct experience and an indirect experience. Testimonies of the occurrence of religious experiences can be found throughout human history, but do they prove that humanity has a link with God if they are true and if they are false, why are we so ready to believe them?Every testimony of a religious experience is unique and most occur to individuals in private but others are ‘corporate’ experiences, when large numbers of people share in the same experience. Despite the testimony of believers there is a vast range of alternative explanations for such events which means it is impossible to arrive at a definite understanding of religious experience and to verify or falsify whether such events occur. The argument from religious experience is an inductive argument.Those who believe that religious experiences are proof of Gods existence usually argue inductively and look at the subjective testimonies of individuals to draw similar conclusions from their experiences that can only be explained in terms of the existence of God. Thus Richard Swinburne in ‘Is there a God? ’ argues inductively that it is reasonable to believe that God is loving and personal and would seek to reveal himself to humanity as an act of love to enable people to bring about good; â€Å"An omnipotent and perfectly good creator will seek to interact with his creatures and, in particular, with human persons capable of knowing him. Swinburne suggests that relig ious experiences can be felt empirically and interpreted non-empirically through our ‘religious sense. ’ Thus, if someone has a religious experience, we should believe the experience has taken place, even if their experience differs from others. In analyse of the inductive argument, it is strong as there is evidence that after the experience the experient is changed forever. Moreover some of the greatest events in history have resulted from people having religious experiences, such as Paul’s conversion after seeing a vision of Christ and was instrumented into spreading Christianity around the world.Nevertheless, the continued problem remains that the conclusion is only the best answer that appears probable on the basis of the evidence offered. The conclusion depends on an accurate interpretation of the evidence which may be influenced by the beliefs of the experient or the person interpreting the experience. The cumulative argument for religious experience is based on the view that if you take all the arguments about religious experience together, then they are more convincing than one argument alone.If all the testimonies to religious experiences are taken into account, then this would certainly add weight to religious experience as proof of the existence of God. Swinburne concludes his work with the cumulative argument and believes that when th e arguments are considered in isolation of the others they don’t prove God, but put together, they make an overwhelming argument which cannot be denied in the grand scales of Atheism Vs Theism. But it has been argued the theory is logically and mathematically flawed as taking many low probabilities and adding does not make on more probable argument – in fact the opposite. You should be multiplying the weak arguments to get a very weak argument. Richard Swinburne believed that unless we have good reason to think that someone is not telling the truth we should work on the principle that what they say is the case, these are his ‘principles of testimony and credulity’. Under his principle of testimony, he argues unless we have evidence to the contrary we should believe what people say when they claim to have had a religious experience: â€Å"In the absence of special considerations, the experiences of others are as they report. Furthermore Swinburne created the principle of credulity that holds the belief that unless we have overwhelming evidence to the contrary, we should believe that things are as they seem to be. In ‘The Existence of God’ he wrote; â€Å"How things seem to be is a good guide to how things are.. † Therefore in his view, religious experiences provide a convincing proof for the existence of God. In support if Swinburne’s position, empirical research undertaken in recent years has indicated that as many as 40% of people have at some time in their lives had an experience that could be classified as religious.Furthermore in 1969, the Religious Experience Research Unit in Oxford surveyed people by asking them the question: ‘Have you at any time in your life had an experience of something completely different form your normal life, whether or not you would describe it as God? ’ Many responded positively, saying it was the first time they had told anyone about their experience but it had been one of the most important moments of their lives.However one difficulty Steven Law highlights in his book ‘The Puzzle of Ethics’ is taking such ‘revelatory’ experiences at face value is not restricted to one faith. He wrote, â€Å"Catholics see the Virgin Mary. Hindus witness Vishnu.. the fact that people have so many bizarre and often contradic tory experiences. . ought to lead someone who claims to have had a ‘revelation’ to treat their experience with caution. † Law calls for experients to question their experience and for atheists to remain sceptic, as the experient could easily have mistaken their experience.The argument from religious experience is a posterior which means that it is based on experience, and if the experience is reliable it may lead to reliable conclusions. Many theists believe in order for a belief in God to be rational, they don’t need to back up their experience with proof as God’s existence was directly revealed to them through a personal experience of God. Those who have experienced may have done so but the evidence doesn’t strongly support that conclusion for non-religious believers. How to cite Arguing the Existence of God from Religious Experience, Papers

Organisational Design and Human Resource Planning

Question: Discuss about theOrganisational Design and Human Resource Planning. Answer: Introduction Carter cleaning company is owned by Jennifer and her father. The company was started as a laundromat and has now grown to six stores and each store is heavily dependent on skilled managers, cleaners, spotters and pressers. The employees working in the firm have no more than a high school education and as a result, the market is highly competitive for them. Jennifer and her father have been experiencing a number of problems with the employees. Their company is continuously look for new employee as the employee turnover rate is around 400%. On weekends, there are almost dozens of ads in the newspapers for experienced pressers, cleaners, spotters, etc. Reducing The Turnover Rate Turnover rate is defined as the rate at which employees leave an organisation. High turnover rates are a great problem for business organisations because when turnover rates are high, companies have to regularly look for new employees, which ultimately increases the expenditure. Further, when employees leave a company, a lot of investment of the company goes in vain that the company had invested in training and developing them (Dr. C. SWARNALATHA and T. S. PRASANNA, 2011). In the cleaning or laundromat industry, the skills required for employment are not that high and even the pay is relatively low. As a result, turnover in such industries is generally high. Jennifer and her father can have a considerable impact on their companys high turnover rates by taking some expert guidance. First of all, the Carter Cleaning Company can start to offer a number of opportunities to the employees that are working with them. Opportunities, such as promotions, job security or offering discounts to the employees and their families on laundry services can help in motivating the employees and retain them in the company. Secondly, the company can try to improve the work environment for the employees by providing them a more cheerful environment where they can engage themselves. It is evident that all the companies working in this industry are facing high turnover ratios. Thus, by improving the work environment, the company will be able to make a difference and bring down its employee turnover rates. Thirdly, as suggested by The Wall Street Journal, paying attention to the personal needs of the employees and offering them flexibility wherever possible can also help companies in curbing their employee turnover rates. Carter Cleaning Company can offer their employees with a certain degree of flexibility so that they can have a better balance between their personal lives and their work lives. Finally, the last initiative that the company can take to bring down its employee turnover rates is to make some improvements to its hiring process. The company can introduce a number of behavioural and personality tests in its hiring and recruitment procedure so that it can hire the right people for the right job. Further, appropriate tests can also help in identifying the intent of a person to switch to other organisations quickly. Thus, by hiring good fits for the cleaning job, the company will be able to ensure organisational commitment as well as job commitmen t, which would consequently bring down the employee turnover ratios (Huhman, 2016). Hiring Process As of now, the human resource management in the Carter cleaning company is not up to the mark. The employee turnover rates are high and the company is constantly looking for new recruits irrespective of their potential and proficiencies. Therefore, it is also important for the company to take some steps that would allow it to increase its pool of acceptable job applicants so that they no longer have to hire any candidate that walks through the door. An important place to start with can be an initiative in which the management can carefully identify the human resource demands in the coming future along with the expected turnovers. By looking into the past data of employment and turnovers, the company would be able to obtain a statistical data. This would allow the company to have an estimate of the human resource demands and supply that the workplace will require and the company would be able to work according to the prepared data. Secondly, the company should do is to increase its pool of applicants. The company can achieve this by promoting itself in the region by discussing its job strengths and opportunities through various media and in all the advertisements. The company can promote itself as a pleasant workplace which also offers flexibility to its employees. Bulletins, advertisements on websites and social media, window sings, etc. can help the company in promoting its strengths and establishing a good market reputation amongst the people who are in search of jobs (Hunt and Hunt, 2016). The company should stop relying upon newspapers as the only source of announcing job openings as the candidates responding to it are not much. The company must exist on the internet and should try to announce all its job openings using job portals, social media, magazines, website advertisements, etc. Further, the company should also offer walk-ins as well as web interviews as a method of screening the applicants as it would greatly increase the pool of applicants. Carter cleaning company can also introduce referrals as a new mode of recruiting employees as they are quite effective and easy. The company should also maintain a record of all the candidates that it encounters in the recruitment process so that it can contact them later on in case there is an urgent vacancy that needs to be filled in the organisation. By following the above ideas, the company will be able to make the recruitment process hassle free for itself as well as for the candidates (Recruiter, 2016). Conclusion Employee turnover rates and to have an efficient hiring process are very crucial from the view point of a business organisation. For companies like Carter Cleaning Company that experience a lot of competition, it is hard to reduce turnover ratios and increase the pool of applicants, but with the right strategies, a lot of progress can be made. References Dr. C. SWARNALATHA, D. and T. S. PRASANNA, T. (2011). Employee Engagement and Employee Turnover. Indian Journal of Applied Research, 4(5), pp.328-329. Huhman, H. (2016). 10 Tips For Reducing Employee Turnover. [online] ERE Media. Available at: https://www.eremedia.com/tlnt/10-tips-for-reducing-employee-turnover/ [Accessed 15 Dec. 2016]. Hunt, D. and Hunt, A. (2016). How to Adjust Hiring Standards to Increase Your Applicant Pool. [online] ERE Media. Available at: https://www.eremedia.com/ere/how-to-adjust-hiring-standards-to-increase-your-applicant-pool/ [Accessed 15 Dec. 2016]. Recruiter. (2016). 7 Ways to Build Effective Talent Pools. [online] Available at: https://www.recruiter.com/i/7-ways-to-build-effective-talent-pools/ [Accessed 15 Dec. 2016].